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";s:4:"text";s:30240:" The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) [8]:455 Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation. [135] Negotiated removals are more likely to end in democracy, while removals by force are more likely to result in a new dictatorial regime. 10. Reading Time: 4 minutes. Among Africans past and present, you'll find a smattering of dictatorships. Stability in a dictatorship is maintained through coercion and political repression, which involves the restriction of access to information, the tracking of the political opposition, and acts of violence. These individuals form an inner circle, making up a class of elites that hold a degree of power within the dictatorship and receive benefits in exchange for their support. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.[125]. Answer (1 of 9): Depends on what you mean by left-wing. One person holds all of the country's power. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. Latin America's new generation of dictators. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. Here is a list of the ten worst dictators that Africans have ever seen in their history. Coercive distribution comprises of distributing welfare and state resources to control citizens and elites. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. 8. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. [144] Since the end of the Cold War, more dictatorships have established "semi-competitive" elections in which opposition is allowed to participate in elections but is not allowed to win, with approximately two-thirds of dictatorships permitting opposition candidates in 2018. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Political culture: 5.00. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. The . Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. [8]:456. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. Examples of Fascism. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. [43] This idea references the heavy reliance on repression of the public in order to stay in power, which creates incentives for all constituents to falsify their preferences, which does not allow for the dictator to know the genuine popular beliefs or his realistic measure of societal support. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. [141] Should a dictatorship fail, elections also permit dictators and elites to accept defeat without fearing violent recourse. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Imelda Marcos. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. [59] Shoguns were de facto military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. Source by babeltravel. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. Between 1950 and 2016, one-party dictatorships made up 57% of authoritarian regimes in the world,[26] and one-party dictatorships have continued to expand more quickly than other forms of dictatorship in the latter half of the 20th century. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Like the two individuals above, Imelda Marcos gained her power through being the wife of a military dictator. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. [1]:68. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. In 1989, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and communism was abandoned by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe through a series of revolutions. [79] Fascism developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, socialism, and modernism, and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s. Duterte is the perfect example of a . [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. ", "Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship", "The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present", "A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917", "The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History", "Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934May 1936", "African military coups d'tat, 19562001: frequency, trends and distribution", "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 419 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea*", "The waning of the military coup in Arab politics", "Introduction: Studying Communist Dictatorships: From Comparative to Transnational History", "Military Coups and Military Rule in Latin America", "Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58", "The Predicament of Europe's 'Last Dictator', "The Kremlin Emboldened: How Putin Wins Support", "The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream", "Biden suggests Putin is a 'dictator' who has committed 'genocide half a world away', "EIU Democracy Index 2020 - World Democracy Report", "5. Right now, 74% families are homeowners. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. Is North Korea a dictatorship? People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. North Korea is one of the clearest examples of a totalitarian government. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . List of Cons of Dictatorships. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. [73] During World War II, Italy and Germany occupied several countries in Europe, imposing fascist puppet states upon many of the countries that they invaded. Latin America experienced a dramatic political change in the last quarter of the twentieth century. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. [131] A military coup is often carried out when a regime is threatening the country's stability or during periods of societal unrest. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. Functioning of government: 3.57. 1. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. However, since they might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a type II value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship. [56] Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made dictator perpetuo, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the Roman Empire. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. [105] To maintain power, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet organized Operation Condor with other South American dictators to facilitate cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies and secret police organizations. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. At the onset of the so-called "third wave" of democracy in 1978, the only democratic regimes were Costa Rica, Colombia and Venezuela. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. Therefore, the entire country operates on the whims of that one person. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. [146], In a dictatorship, violence is used to coerce or repress all opposition to the dictator's rule, and the strength of a dictatorship depends on its use of violence. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. He all but eradicated corruption. [40] Personalist dictatorships often collapse with the death of the dictator. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. 3. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. The legislature must be popularly elected. In practice, it is often defined as people choosing their leaders in free and fair elections. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. [1]:70. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. [103], Military dictatorships remained prominent in Latin America during the Cold War, though the number of coups declined starting in the 1980s. [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. Dictatorships in the Middle East and Northern Africa are either illiberal republics in which a president holds power through unfair elections, or they are absolute monarchies in which power is inherited. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. [132] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. Benito Mussolini was the first generally recognised fascist leader. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. Also, dictatorships . Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. On a similar note, a dictatorship's regular citizens have no voice in most matters. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. A dictator has the ability to make decisions that will have an impact on the people in many ways, and the worse part is, the people do not consent to being ruled. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. The role of dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability. Explore a few of the famous ones. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. [139], Most dictatorships hold elections to maintain legitimacy and stability, but these elections are typically uncompetitive and the opposition is not permitted to win. [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! 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